谈可以接受的垂悬结构
大家知道,不定式 、分词、介词短语作状语,句子的主语是它们的逻辑主语。
Eg:1.Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
2.Worried, he couldn't go to sleep.
3.Thanks to your help, she finished the work ahead.
上述三个例句,句子的主语 "we " "he " "she" 分别是“Climbing”“ Worried ”“Thanks to” 的逻辑主语。但在英语教学中,我们发现有些不定式、分词和介词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,且在句中作状语,修饰本句的谓语动词,这种结构被称为垂悬结构(Dangling Constructure),如Being hot, we were oblidged to stay at home all day.实质上,垂悬结构是一种语法错误,但有些垂悬结构在长期的语言习惯中被普遍接受,虽没有自己的逻辑主语,但仍可独立存在。下面谈谈可以接受的垂悬结构,以供同学们参考。
一、不定式(Infinitive)
某些不定式短语作状语,其逻辑主语虽然与句子的主语不一致,但已被广泛接受。如 to be honest, to start with, to be fair等不定式短语。
Eg: 1.To be honest, I had no idea that this would happen so soon.(SBIII L32)
老实说,我不知道这会发生这么快。
2.To start with, you have no right to raise this question.
首先,你没权力提出这个问题。
上述例子都表示一种语气态度,相当于一个插入语,句子主语和不定式逻辑上的主语不一致。其中to be honest =honestly speaking; start with=first; to be fair=fairly speaking.
二 现在分词 (Present participle)
有些垂悬分词已被普遍接受,同时具有已下几个特征:(一) 垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是句中非主语成分。
Eg 1. Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor.
他沿着甲板找了好久,才找到一位医生 ("searching"的逻辑主语是句中的"him")
2.Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind.
无论是走路还是睡觉,我总是想着这个问题 ("Walking or sleeping"的逻辑主语是句中的"my").
(二) 主语是表示事物的名词,现在分词的逻辑主语是被动结构动作的执行者,现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。
Eg:1 .It looks as if it hasn't been washed follwing the instructions.(SBII L37)
它(指衣服)好像没有按照说明去洗。
2.This idea can be well expressed using a single sentence.
这个观点可以用一句话表达清楚。
(三)有些现在分词和现在分词短语,表示说话人的态度和语气,相当于插入语。
如:generally/frankly/strictlyspeaking, judgingfrom/by, considering, talking of, speaking, supposing, including等。
eg:1 Generally speaking, newspapers follow the American way. (SBII l25)
一般来说,报纸采用美国拼法。
2.Frankly/Strictly speaking, your theory doesn't hold water.
坦率地(严格地)说,你的理论不严密。
(四)现在分词作结果状语,整个句子是其逻辑主语,一般用逗号隔开,而它的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。
Eg: 1 European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
有80个国家踢欧式足球,这使足球成了世界上最风行的一种运动。("European football"不是"making" 的逻辑主语,但前面的整个句子是"making" 的逻辑主语)
2. There was a heavy rain, causing floods in the area.
天降暴雨,导致那个地区洪水泛滥。
三、过去分词(Past Participle)
某些过去分词作状语其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。如taken , considered, provded, compared等。
eg: 1.Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.
从整体上看,这本书没有什么内容。
2.Provided it doesn't rain, we can all go picnicking.
假若天不下雨,我们都去野餐。
四、介词短语(Prep Phrases)
某些介词短语作状语,其逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。如according to, as to等。
Eg :According to the newspaper, the enemy has been defeated and driven back.
据报道敌人已被击败并被驱赶回去。("according to "的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致)
2.There is no doubt as to his honest(SBIII L47)
至于他的诚实无需怀疑。
3.His parents took him to Beijing at the age of five.
他五岁时,父母亲把他带去北京。
Eg:1.Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
2.Worried, he couldn't go to sleep.
3.Thanks to your help, she finished the work ahead.
上述三个例句,句子的主语 "we " "he " "she" 分别是“Climbing”“ Worried ”“Thanks to” 的逻辑主语。但在英语教学中,我们发现有些不定式、分词和介词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,且在句中作状语,修饰本句的谓语动词,这种结构被称为垂悬结构(Dangling Constructure),如Being hot, we were oblidged to stay at home all day.实质上,垂悬结构是一种语法错误,但有些垂悬结构在长期的语言习惯中被普遍接受,虽没有自己的逻辑主语,但仍可独立存在。下面谈谈可以接受的垂悬结构,以供同学们参考。
一、不定式(Infinitive)
某些不定式短语作状语,其逻辑主语虽然与句子的主语不一致,但已被广泛接受。如 to be honest, to start with, to be fair等不定式短语。
Eg: 1.To be honest, I had no idea that this would happen so soon.(SBIII L32)
老实说,我不知道这会发生这么快。
2.To start with, you have no right to raise this question.
首先,你没权力提出这个问题。
上述例子都表示一种语气态度,相当于一个插入语,句子主语和不定式逻辑上的主语不一致。其中to be honest =honestly speaking; start with=first; to be fair=fairly speaking.
二 现在分词 (Present participle)
有些垂悬分词已被普遍接受,同时具有已下几个特征:(一) 垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是句中非主语成分。
Eg 1. Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor.
他沿着甲板找了好久,才找到一位医生 ("searching"的逻辑主语是句中的"him")
2.Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind.
无论是走路还是睡觉,我总是想着这个问题 ("Walking or sleeping"的逻辑主语是句中的"my").
(二) 主语是表示事物的名词,现在分词的逻辑主语是被动结构动作的执行者,现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。
Eg:1 .It looks as if it hasn't been washed follwing the instructions.(SBII L37)
它(指衣服)好像没有按照说明去洗。
2.This idea can be well expressed using a single sentence.
这个观点可以用一句话表达清楚。
(三)有些现在分词和现在分词短语,表示说话人的态度和语气,相当于插入语。
如:generally/frankly/strictlyspeaking, judgingfrom/by, considering, talking of, speaking, supposing, including等。
eg:1 Generally speaking, newspapers follow the American way. (SBII l25)
一般来说,报纸采用美国拼法。
2.Frankly/Strictly speaking, your theory doesn't hold water.
坦率地(严格地)说,你的理论不严密。
(四)现在分词作结果状语,整个句子是其逻辑主语,一般用逗号隔开,而它的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。
Eg: 1 European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
有80个国家踢欧式足球,这使足球成了世界上最风行的一种运动。("European football"不是"making" 的逻辑主语,但前面的整个句子是"making" 的逻辑主语)
2. There was a heavy rain, causing floods in the area.
天降暴雨,导致那个地区洪水泛滥。
三、过去分词(Past Participle)
某些过去分词作状语其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致。如taken , considered, provded, compared等。
eg: 1.Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.
从整体上看,这本书没有什么内容。
2.Provided it doesn't rain, we can all go picnicking.
假若天不下雨,我们都去野餐。
四、介词短语(Prep Phrases)
某些介词短语作状语,其逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。如according to, as to等。
Eg :According to the newspaper, the enemy has been defeated and driven back.
据报道敌人已被击败并被驱赶回去。("according to "的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致)
2.There is no doubt as to his honest(SBIII L47)
至于他的诚实无需怀疑。
3.His parents took him to Beijing at the age of five.
他五岁时,父母亲把他带去北京。
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